Einstein unpublished article found with: universe with no Big Bang

An unpublished manuscript by Albert Einstein recently discovered by two scientists from Waterford Institute of Technology shows that the Nobel Prize winner once considered a mathematical model of the universe very different to today’s Big Bang Theory.

The manuscript, which hadn’t been referred to by scientists for decades, appears to have been written in the 1930s.

The cosmic model it proposes is radically different to previously known Einsteinian models of the universe, but anticipates a controversial theory proposed by the Cambridge scientist Fred Hoyle in the 1950s, which argued that space could be expanding eternally.

The document had been stored in plain sight at the Albert Einstein Archives in Jerusalem. However, it had been mistakenly filed as a first draft of another paper by the theoretical physicist.
WIT physicist Cormac O’Raifeartaigh told Nature he ‘almost fell out his chair’ when he realised what the manuscript was about.

Together with collaborators at Cambridge University and the Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies, the WIT duo have submitted a translation and analysis of Einstein’s manuscript to the European Physical Journal and have posted a preprint of their paper online (their English translation is available here)

According to the ‘abstract’:
We present a translation and analysis of an unpublished manuscript by Albert Einstein in which he proposed a ‘steady-state’ model of the universe.

"The manuscript appears to have been written in early 1931 and demonstrates that Einstein once considered a cosmic model in which the mean density of matter in an expanding universe remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter from empty space, a process he associated with the cosmological constant.
This model is in marked contrast to previously known Einsteinian models of the cosmos (both static and dynamic) but anticipates the well-known steady-state theories of Hoyle, Bondi and Gold.
We find that Einstein’s steady-state model contains a fundamental flaw and suggest it was discarded for this reason.
We also suggest that he declined to try again because he found more sophisticated versions rather contrived.
The manuscript is of historical significance because it reveals that Einstein debated between steady-state and evolving models of the cosmos decades before a similar debate took place in the cosmological community."

The Irish scientists’ discovery has been picked up by a raft of international publications — in addition to Nature, it’s also been featured in Forbes and Scientific American.
Check out Einstein Archives Online for the original German version.
Read the analysis "Einstein’s steady-state model of the universe".

Source:
Image by esracoon.

Einstein - black holes and gravitional lens

The theory of general relativity has important astrophysical applications. Notably, it predicts the existence of black holes—regions of space in which space and time are distorted in such a way that nothing, not even light, can escape—as an end-state for massive stars. There is evidence that, indeed, such black holes as well as more massive varieties are responsible for the intense radiation emitted by certain types of astronomical objects (such as active galactic nuclei or microquasars). The bending of light by gravity can lead to the curious phenomenon of multiple images of the same astronomical object being visible in the sky, an effect called gravitational lensing which has spawned an active new branch of astronomy. General relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational waves, which have been measured indirectly; a direct measurement is the aim of projects such as LIGO. In addition, it is the basis of current cosmological models of an expanding universe. Photo: Extragalactic astronomy: gravitational lensing. This Hubble Space Telescope image shows several blue, loop-shaped objects that actually are multiple images of the same galaxy. They have been duplicated by the gravitational lens effect of the cluster of yellow, elliptical and spiral galaxies near the photograph's center. The gravitational lens is produced by the cluster's tremendous gravitational field that bends light to magnify, brighten and distort the image of a more distant object. Text Source: Nationmaster; Knowledgehush.